Thus, both concepts show almost the same effective reaction rate. At low temperatures only, the active core is rate-determining, and the additional shell has no significant influence. In this context, a catalyst particle design consisting of a catalytically active core surrounded by an inert shell has proven to be advantageous in comparison with state-of-the-art uniform catalyst particles. This rate is influenced by the active material within the particles, but also by the particle structure. The heat generation in the reactor is inseparably linked to the effective reaction rate of the catalyst particles. In addition, there are requirements with regard to product purity, so that the synthetic natural gas can be injected into the natural gas grid without excessive post-treatment. Consequently, the avoidance of runaway conditions has the highest priority for the safe operation of fixed-bed reactors. Hotspots can severely exceed the temperature limits of the reactor material and catalyst. The peak of the temperature profile is known as a hotspot. The result is a distinct temperature profile along the axis of the reactor. This self-reinforcing effect can be so pronounced that even the intensive reactor cooling of multi-tubular fixed-bed reactors is insufficient. In this case, the heat release of the chemical reaction increases the reactor temperature, which further accelerates the reaction rate, and thus, also the heat-release rate. Under certain circumstances, the exothermicity and temperature-dependence of the methanation reaction can lead to uncontrollable reactor conditions, known as thermal runaway. However, the optimal operation of catalytic fixed-bed reactors for carbon dioxide methanation is a technological challenge. The consumption of carbon dioxide also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The produced methane can then be injected into the existing natural gas network.

Due to the lack of hydrogen infrastructure, it is useful to convert hydrogen into methane (synthetic natural gas) by adding carbon dioxide and using catalytic fixed-bed reactors. An example is hydrogen obtained by water electrolysis. Power-to-X concepts aim at the storage of electrical energy in chemical compounds.

In this context, power-to-X concepts are currently under intensive investigation. Efficient methods for energy storage are necessary to compensate for these fluctuations. However, due to the fluctuating availability of renewable energy sources, there will be periods of energy surplus and periods of energy shortage. Pretreating with Feedstock Improves Catalyst PerfomanceДЄchieving the energy transition requires the shift from fossil and nuclear fuels towards renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Ni 3GaC 0.25 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane

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